An estimate of the occurrence of misshapen fruit in Hayward kiwifruit orchards and the causes of their formation

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Research Assistant Professor, Agronomic and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran.

2 Research Assistant Professor, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran.

3 Researcher of Horticulture Crops Research Department, Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran.

4 Instructor, Horticulture Crops Research Department, Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran.

10.30466/rip.2022.54167.1230

Abstract

The formation of misshapen fruit is a genetic trait influenced by numerous factors. This study was conducted to investigate the causes of misshapen fruit formation and obtain a preliminary estimate of its incidence on Hayward kiwifruit vines in four orchards in Astara County over three years, from 2018 to 2021. In each orchard, 27 vines exhibiting low, moderate, or high percentages of misshapen fruit were selected and tagged in three replications. Approximately one month before harvest, the dimensions of flattened and fan-shaped fruit were measured, and their percentages on each vine were calculated to estimate the incidence of misshapen fruit in the four orchards. The effects of whether one-year-old shoots had borne fruit in the previous year, as well as temperatures during flower induction, differentiation, and bud break, were evaluated in relation to the incidence of misshapen fruit using hourly temperature records for March and April. The results showed significant differences among years and orchards in both the overall incidence and severity of fruit deformation. The highest percentage of severely misshapen fruit (44.41%) was recorded in the first year in Orchard 4, whereas the lowest percentage of mildly misshapen fruit (7.05%) was observed in the third year in Orchard 2. A significant positive correlation (R² = 0.624) was also found between the total number of misshapen fruit and the total number of fruit formed on each one-year-old shoot, although the strength of this correlation varied among orchards. Vine age, the method used to produce the nursery plants, and whether one-year-old shoots had borne fruit in the previous year had no significant effects on the incidence of misshapen fruit. High temperatures during the early initiation of reproductive organs, from the end of dormancy to bud swelling, increased the formation of flattened fruit, whereas low temperatures from bud break until advanced cluster opening increased the formation of twin fruit in Hayward kiwifruit. The formation of misshapen fruit in Hayward kiwifruit is a genetic trait, but its incidence and type are influenced annually by environmental conditions and various orchard management factors.

Keywords

References

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Research in Pomology
Volume 8, Issue 2
March 2024
Pages 59-69

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